What Is The Technical Term For The Natural Nail

The natural nail, often taken for granted, is a complex structure with a specific technical term: the nail plate. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the nail plate, along with its surrounding structures, is crucial for nail technicians, dermatologists, and anyone interested in maintaining healthy and beautiful nails.

Anatomy of the Nail Unit

To truly understand the nail plate, it's essential to explore the entire nail unit, also known as the onyx. This unit comprises several key components, each with a specific function:

• Nail Plate: The visible, hard part of the nail, composed of keratin.
• Nail Matrix: The area beneath the nail fold where new nail cells are generated.
• Nail Bed: The skin beneath the nail plate that provides nourishment and support.
• Nail Folds: The skin folds that surround and protect the nail plate.
• Lunula: The crescent-shaped, whitish area at the base of the nail plate.
• Cuticle: The dead tissue that seals the base of the nail plate, preventing infection.
• Hyponychium: The skin beneath the free edge of the nail plate, forming a barrier against pathogens.

The Nail Plate in Detail

The nail plate itself is a remarkable structure, composed primarily of keratin, a protein also found in hair and skin. Unlike bone, the nail plate is translucent, allowing the color of the nail bed to show through. Its thickness varies depending on factors like age, genetics, and overall health, typically ranging from 0.5 to 0.75 mm.

The nail plate is not a single, solid piece but rather comprised of multiple layers of flattened, dead cells tightly packed together. These cells, called onychocytes, are produced in the nail matrix and gradually pushed forward as new cells are generated. This continuous process results in the growth of the nail plate.

Nail Growth and Formation

The nail's journey begins in the nail matrix, a highly specialized area located beneath the proximal nail fold. The matrix contains cells called matrix cells or onychoblasts, which are responsible for producing the keratin that forms the nail plate. These cells divide and differentiate, synthesizing keratin and other proteins.

As new cells are created, they push the older cells forward, causing them to flatten and become tightly compacted. These flattened cells lose their nuclei and become the building blocks of the nail plate. The rate of nail growth varies from person to person, with fingernails generally growing faster than toenails. On average, fingernails grow about 3 mm per month, while toenails grow about 1 mm per month.

Factors influencing nail growth include:

• Age: Nails tend to grow faster in younger individuals and slow down with age.
• Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals is essential for healthy nail growth.
• Circulation: Adequate blood flow to the nail matrix is crucial for delivering nutrients and oxygen.
• Trauma: Injury to the nail matrix can disrupt nail growth and lead to deformities.
• Hormones: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, can affect nail growth.

Common Nail Conditions and Disorders

The nail plate, like any other part of the body, is susceptible to various conditions and disorders. These can range from minor cosmetic issues to more serious medical problems. Here are some common nail conditions:

• Onychomycosis: A fungal infection of the nail plate, causing thickening, discoloration, and crumbling.
• Onycholysis: Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often due to trauma or infection.
• Onychoschizia: Splitting or peeling of the nail plate, often caused by dryness or excessive exposure to water.
• Paronychia: Infection of the nail folds, usually caused by bacteria or fungi.
• Nail Psoriasis: A condition associated with psoriasis, causing pitting, ridging, and discoloration of the nail plate.
• Beau's Lines: Horizontal grooves or ridges on the nail plate, often caused by illness, stress, or malnutrition.
• Koilonychia: Spoon-shaped nails, often associated with iron deficiency anemia.
• Leukonychia: White spots on the nail plate, often caused by minor trauma or zinc deficiency.

Maintaining Healthy Nail Plates

Proper nail care is essential for maintaining healthy and strong nail plates. Here are some tips for keeping your nails in top condition:

• Keep nails clean and dry: This helps prevent fungal and bacterial infections.
• Trim nails regularly: Use sharp nail clippers or scissors and trim straight across, then round the corners slightly.
• Moisturize nails and cuticles: Apply a moisturizing lotion or cuticle oil daily to prevent dryness and cracking.
• Wear gloves when doing housework: Protect your nails from harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to water.
• Avoid biting or picking at your nails: This can damage the nail plate and increase the risk of infection.
• Eat a balanced diet: Ensure you're getting enough protein, vitamins, and minerals for healthy nail growth.
• Consider biotin supplements: Biotin, a B vitamin, has been shown to improve nail strength and thickness in some individuals.
• Avoid harsh nail products: Limit your use of acetone-based nail polish removers and artificial nails, which can weaken the nail plate.
• Consult a dermatologist: If you notice any unusual changes in your nails, such as discoloration, thickening, or separation from the nail bed, see a dermatologist for evaluation and treatment.

The Nail Plate and its Chemical Composition

The nail plate's strength and flexibility are attributed to its unique chemical composition. Primarily composed of keratin, it also contains other elements that contribute to its overall structure and properties.

• Keratin: Constituting approximately 90% of the nail plate, keratin is a fibrous structural protein that provides strength and resilience. The keratin in nails is primarily hard keratin, which has a higher sulfur content than the soft keratin found in skin.
• Water: The nail plate contains about 7-12% water, which contributes to its flexibility. Dehydration can lead to brittle and cracked nails.
• Lipids: Lipids, or fats, make up a small percentage of the nail plate and help to maintain its moisture balance.
• Minerals: Trace amounts of minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc are present in the nail plate, although their exact role in nail health is still being researched.

Factors Affecting the Nail Plate's Chemical Composition

Several factors can influence the chemical composition of the nail plate, potentially impacting its strength, appearance, and overall health.

• Diet: Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in protein, vitamins, and minerals, can affect the production of keratin and other essential components of the nail plate.
• Hydration: Inadequate water intake can lead to dehydration of the nail plate, making it brittle and prone to breakage.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and excessive moisture can strip the nail plate of its natural oils and alter its chemical composition.
• Nail Products: Certain nail products, such as acetone-based removers and artificial nails, can damage the nail plate and disrupt its chemical balance.
• Medical Conditions: Some medical conditions, like thyroid disorders and psoriasis, can affect nail growth and composition.

The Nail Plate and its Role in Nail Procedures

Understanding the nail plate is paramount for anyone performing nail procedures, from basic manicures to advanced nail enhancements. Improper techniques can damage the nail plate and lead to various problems.

• Manicures and Pedicures: When performing manicures and pedicures, it's crucial to use gentle techniques and avoid excessive filing or buffing of the nail plate. Over-buffing can thin the nail plate, making it weak and prone to breakage.
• Artificial Nails: The application and removal of artificial nails, such as acrylics and gels, can be particularly damaging to the nail plate if not done correctly. Improper preparation of the nail plate, aggressive filing, and harsh removal methods can cause thinning, dehydration, and even separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.
• Nail Polish: While nail polish can enhance the appearance of the nails, certain formulations can dry out the nail plate and cause discoloration. It's essential to use high-quality nail polishes that are free of harmful chemicals like formaldehyde, toluene, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP).
• Cuticle Care: The cuticle plays a vital role in protecting the nail matrix from infection. Avoid cutting or aggressively pushing back the cuticle, as this can damage the matrix and lead to nail deformities. Instead, gently moisturize and soften the cuticle with cuticle oil.

Best Practices for Protecting the Nail Plate During Nail Procedures

To minimize the risk of damage to the nail plate during nail procedures, follow these best practices:

• Proper Training: Ensure that nail technicians are properly trained in safe and effective nail care techniques.
• Gentle Techniques: Use gentle filing and buffing techniques to avoid thinning the nail plate.
• Quality Products: Choose high-quality nail products that are free of harmful chemicals.
• Proper Removal: Use proper removal techniques for artificial nails and nail polish to minimize damage to the nail plate.
• Cuticle Care: Avoid cutting or aggressively pushing back the cuticle.
• Client Education: Educate clients about proper nail care and the importance of protecting the nail plate.

FAQ about the Nail Plate

Q: What is the technical term for the natural nail?

A: The technical term for the natural nail is the nail plate.

Q: What is the nail plate made of?

A: The nail plate is primarily made of keratin, a protein also found in hair and skin.

Q: How fast does the nail plate grow?

A: Fingernails grow about 3 mm per month, while toenails grow about 1 mm per month.

Q: What causes white spots on the nail plate?

A: White spots on the nail plate, known as leukonychia, are often caused by minor trauma or zinc deficiency.

Q: How can I keep my nail plates healthy?

A: To keep your nail plates healthy, keep them clean and dry, trim them regularly, moisturize them, and eat a balanced diet.

Q: Can nail polish damage the nail plate?

A: Yes, certain nail polish formulations can dry out the nail plate and cause discoloration. Choose high-quality nail polishes that are free of harmful chemicals.

Q: Is it okay to cut my cuticles?

A: No, it's best to avoid cutting or aggressively pushing back the cuticle, as this can damage the nail matrix and lead to nail deformities.

Q: What should I do if I notice unusual changes in my nails?

A: If you notice any unusual changes in your nails, such as discoloration, thickening, or separation from the nail bed, see a dermatologist for evaluation and treatment.

Conclusion

The nail plate, the technical term for the natural nail, is a complex and fascinating structure. Understanding its anatomy, physiology, and chemical composition is essential for maintaining healthy and beautiful nails. By following proper nail care practices and avoiding harsh treatments, you can protect your nail plates and keep them in top condition for years to come.