Select All The Statements About Haydn In His Later Career.

Haydn's later career, marked by international acclaim and a profound shift in his compositional style, represents a pinnacle in the history of classical music. It's a period defined by masterful symphonies, groundbreaking string quartets, and oratorios that cemented his legacy as one of the most influential composers of all time.

The Defining Years: Haydn's Late Career

Haydn's late career typically refers to the period following his two successful trips to London in the 1790s. These visits, orchestrated by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon, exposed Haydn to a vibrant musical scene and significantly shaped his later works. Let's delve into the key aspects of this transformative era.

London and the "London Symphonies"

The two stays in London (1791-1792 and 1794-1795) were pivotal. Haydn was a celebrity, feted by royalty, adored by audiences, and financially rewarded.

Commissioned Works: Salomon commissioned a set of symphonies for each trip. These twelve symphonies, now known as the "London Symphonies" (Nos. 93-104), are considered among Haydn's finest orchestral works.
Public Acclaim: London audiences were captivated by Haydn's music. The symphonies were praised for their originality, wit, and emotional depth.
Financial Success: Haydn earned a considerable fortune in London, securing his financial future.

Key Statements About Haydn in His Later Career

Several statements accurately describe Haydn's career trajectory and artistic development during his later years:

Increased Fame and Recognition: Haydn's travels to London catapulted him to international fame. He was celebrated as a musical genius throughout Europe.
Compositional Experimentation: Haydn continued to experiment with musical form and harmony, pushing the boundaries of the classical style. His later works are characterized by greater complexity and expressiveness.
Focus on Orchestral and Choral Works: While he continued to compose string quartets and other chamber music, Haydn devoted much of his later career to composing symphonies and oratorios.
Patriotic Expression: The turbulent political climate of the late 18th century, marked by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, influenced Haydn's music. He composed works that expressed patriotic sentiments and celebrated Austrian identity.
Deepening Emotional Depth: Haydn's later works are often described as having a deeper emotional range than his earlier compositions. He explored themes of love, loss, faith, and heroism in his music.

The Evolution of Haydn's Style

Haydn's compositional style underwent a significant evolution during his later career. He incorporated new ideas and techniques, resulting in a more complex and expressive musical language.

Orchestration: Haydn expanded his use of the orchestra, incorporating a wider range of instruments and exploring new timbral combinations. The "London Symphonies" are notable for their colorful and imaginative orchestration.
Harmony: Haydn's harmonic language became more adventurous in his later works. He used more chromaticism, dissonance, and unexpected modulations to create dramatic effects.
Form: Haydn continued to experiment with musical form, pushing the boundaries of traditional sonata form and other classical structures. The "London Symphonies" often feature unconventional formal designs.
Thematic Development: Haydn's later works are characterized by more sophisticated thematic development. He skillfully manipulated musical themes, transforming them in unexpected ways and creating a sense of unity and coherence.
Humor and Wit: Despite the increasing emotional depth of his music, Haydn never lost his sense of humor and wit. His later works often contain playful musical jokes and unexpected surprises.

The Great Oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons

Inspired by Handel's oratorios, which he heard during his time in London, Haydn composed two monumental oratorios in his later career: The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801). These works are considered among his greatest achievements.

The Creation: This oratorio depicts the creation of the world as described in the Book of Genesis. It is a work of immense scope and grandeur, filled with vivid musical imagery and profound spiritual insights.
The Seasons: This oratorio celebrates the beauty and bounty of nature, depicting the changing seasons and the lives of rural people. It is a more secular work than The Creation, but it is equally rich in musical invention and emotional depth.

Significant Works Beyond the Oratorios

While the "London Symphonies" and the two great oratorios are central to understanding Haydn's later career, several other works deserve mention:

String Quartets, Op. 76: These quartets, composed in 1797, are among Haydn's most profound and innovative chamber works. They explore a wide range of emotions and showcase Haydn's mastery of quartet writing.
String Quartets, Op. 77: These were Haydn's last complete string quartets, and represent the apex of his quartet writing. They are incredibly complex and emotionally resonant.
"Harmoniemesse" (Mass No. 12 in B-flat major): Composed in 1802, this mass is a joyous and celebratory work, showcasing Haydn's mastery of choral writing. It is one of his last major compositions.
Trumpet Concerto in E-flat Major: Written in 1796, this concerto is one of the most important works in the trumpet repertoire. It was written for the keyed trumpet, an innovative instrument that allowed for chromatic playing.

Impact and Legacy

Haydn's later career had a profound impact on the development of Western music. He influenced countless composers, including Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert.

Influence on Mozart: Mozart was deeply influenced by Haydn's string quartets. He dedicated a set of quartets to Haydn, acknowledging his debt to the older composer.
Influence on Beethoven: Beethoven studied with Haydn for a short time. While their relationship was sometimes strained, Beethoven admired Haydn's music and learned a great deal from him. Beethoven inherited the Classical sonata form structures from Haydn and expanded on them in dramatic ways.
Establishment of Classical Forms: Haydn's contributions to the development of sonata form, symphony, and string quartet were fundamental. He established the classical forms that would be used by composers for generations to come.
Elevation of Instrumental Music: Haydn helped to elevate the status of instrumental music. His symphonies and quartets were considered to be as important as vocal music.
Enduring Popularity: Haydn's music remains popular today. His symphonies, quartets, and oratorios are performed regularly around the world.

Haydn's Personality and Working Methods

Understanding Haydn's personality and working methods provides valuable insight into his creative process.

Humble and Hardworking: Despite his fame and success, Haydn remained a humble and hardworking man. He was known for his dedication to his craft and his willingness to revise and improve his compositions.
Sense of Humor: Haydn had a great sense of humor, which is reflected in his music. He often included musical jokes and surprises in his compositions.
Patriotic Sentiments: Haydn was deeply patriotic and loved his country. He expressed his patriotic sentiments in his music, particularly in his later works.
Religious Faith: Haydn was a devout Catholic. His religious faith influenced his music, particularly his oratorios and masses.
Methodical Composer: Haydn was a methodical composer. He typically worked on several compositions at the same time, carefully planning each work before beginning to write.

Analyzing Key Statements in Detail

Let's revisit the key statements about Haydn in his later career and analyze them in greater detail:

Increased Fame and Recognition: This is undeniably true. The London visits transformed Haydn from a highly respected composer in Central Europe to an international celebrity. He received honorary degrees, was lauded by the press, and enjoyed the patronage of the English royal family. This recognition allowed him greater creative freedom and financial security in his later years.
Compositional Experimentation: Haydn never ceased to experiment, but his later works show a willingness to push boundaries further. The orchestration in the "London Symphonies" is more colorful and varied than in his earlier symphonies. He also explored more complex harmonic relationships and thematic development.
Focus on Orchestral and Choral Works: While he continued to compose string quartets, the "London Symphonies" and the two oratorios, The Creation and The Seasons, represent the culmination of his orchestral and choral writing. These large-scale works allowed him to explore a wider range of emotions and musical ideas.
Patriotic Expression: The influence of the political climate is evident in works like the "Emperor's Hymn" (Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser), which Haydn composed in 1797. This hymn became a symbol of Austrian national identity and remains the national anthem of Germany today. The context of the Napoleonic Wars undoubtedly influenced Haydn's desire to express his patriotism.
Deepening Emotional Depth: This is a more subjective statement, but many listeners and scholars agree that Haydn's later works have a greater emotional range than his earlier compositions. The slow movements of the "London Symphonies," for example, are often deeply moving and expressive. The Creation and The Seasons also explore a wide range of human emotions, from joy and wonder to sorrow and loss.

Challenges and Triumphs

Haydn faced both challenges and triumphs during his later career.

Health Issues: Haydn's health began to decline in his later years. He suffered from various ailments, including rheumatism and memory loss. These health issues made it more difficult for him to compose and perform.
Political Instability: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars created a period of political instability in Europe. This instability affected Haydn's life and work. He was forced to flee Vienna several times to avoid the French army.
Personal Losses: Haydn suffered several personal losses in his later years, including the death of his wife. These losses undoubtedly affected his emotional state and his music.
Artistic Triumphs: Despite these challenges, Haydn continued to compose some of his greatest works during his later career. The "London Symphonies," The Creation, and The Seasons are all masterpieces that have stood the test of time.
Financial Security: Thanks to his success in London, Haydn enjoyed financial security in his later years. This allowed him to focus on his music without having to worry about money.

The End of an Era

Haydn continued to compose until his death in 1809 at the age of 77. His death marked the end of an era in music. He was one of the last great composers of the Classical period.

Legacy of Innovation: Haydn's legacy is one of innovation and creativity. He helped to shape the course of Western music and influenced countless composers.
Enduring Influence: Haydn's music continues to be performed and enjoyed around the world. His symphonies, quartets, and oratorios are timeless masterpieces that will continue to inspire and delight audiences for generations to come.

Conclusion

Haydn's later career was a period of remarkable creativity and innovation. He achieved international fame, experimented with new musical forms and techniques, and composed some of the greatest works in the history of Western music. The statements regarding his increased fame, compositional experimentation, focus on orchestral works, patriotic expression, and deepening emotional depth all accurately reflect the transformative nature of this period in his life and artistic development. His influence on subsequent composers is undeniable, and his music continues to be celebrated and enjoyed by audiences around the world. The "London Symphonies," The Creation, and The Seasons stand as testaments to his genius and enduring legacy.